Minggu, 30 April 2017
Senin, 03 April 2017
SYNONYM, ANTONYM, AND HYPONYM
Background :
Semantic is one of branches of linguistics that study of meaning. It is
a wide subject within the general study of language. The study of semantics
includes the study of how meaning is constructed, interpreted, clarified,
obscured, illustrated, simplified negotiated, contradicted and paraphrased.
In other word, semantic is
a central area in linguistics. Actually, there are so many important topic
in semantic, among others : Symbol and Referent ; Euphemism; Denotation,
Connotation and Implication; Ambiguity; Metaphor; Simile; Synonym, Antonym, and
Hyponym; Collocation; Metonymy and Synecdoche; Hyperbole; Polysemy; Homonymy,
Homophones and Homographs; Proverb; Idiom; etc..
But now, the
writer going to explain about Semantic
relations or meaning relations are words that are semantically related to other
words. Semantic relations are considered in terms of the following relations of
Synonym, Antonym, and Hyponym.
Contents :
1. SYNONYM
Synonyms are
words with similar meanings. They are listed in a special type of
dictionary called a thesaurus.
According to Akwanya (1996) in Umera-Okeke
(2008 p. 47) defined
synonyms as “different phonological words having similar meanings”. Beside Palmer (1996) also in Umera-Okeke opined that “synonymy is used to mean sameness
of meaning”.
The Examples :
·
verb
1.
buy / purchase : Membeli
2.
Sell / Market :
Menjual / Memasarkan
·
adjective
1.
Big/ large : besar
2.
Beautiful/attractive/pretty/lovely/stunning : Indah
/ menarik / cantik / indah / menakjubkan
·
adverb
1.
quickly / speedily : dengan cepat
2.
gently / slowly :
dengan lembut/ dengan pelan
·
preposition
1.
on / upon : di atas
2.
below/ down :
di bawah
3.
in front /ahead/afore : di depan
2. ANTONYM
Antonyms are words that have the opposite meaning. Oppositeness is a logical category. There are three types:
·
Graded antonyms deal with levels of the meaning
of the words, like if something is not “good”, it may still not be “bad.”
Examples are :
1)
Fat and skinny
2)
Young and old
3)
Happy and sad
4)
Hard and soft
·
Complementary antonyms have a relationship
where there is no middle ground. There are only two possibilities, either one
or the other.
Examples are :
1)
Man and woman
2)
Push and pull
3)
Dead and alive
4)
Day and night
·
Relational antonyms are sometimes considered a
subcategory of complementary antonyms. With these pairs, for there to be a
relationship, both must exist.
Examples are:
1)
Husband and wife
2)
Doctor and patient
3)
Buy and sell
4)
Servant and master
3. HYPONYM
Hyponym is a word or phrase whose semantic
field is included within that of another word, its hyperonym or hypernym.
Hyponymy is the more specific concept and the more general concept is known as
the hypernym. In other word, A hyponym is a word or phrase whose semantic
field is more specific than its hypernym.
In simpler terms, a hyponym
shares a type-of relationship with its hypernym. For
example : pigeon, crow, eagle and seagull are
all hyponyms of bird (their hyperonym); which, in turn, is a hyponym
of animal.
Other
Examples are :
·
Manggo- fruit ; Car- vehicles ; table- furniture
; Hen - animal.
·
The verb ‘colour’ has many hyponyms
Word: colour (hypernym)
Hyponyms: blue, red, yellow,
green, white, black, purple and pink.
·
The verb ‘cook’ has many hyponyms.
Word: Cook (hypernym)
Hyponyms: Roast (Memanggang), boil (merebus),
fry (menggoreng), grill (memanggang), bake (membakar).
Look at this
picture !
REFERENCE
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