A language is what the members of a particular society speak. However as we shall see, speech in almost any society can take many very different forms, and just what forms we should choose to discuss when we attempt to describe the language of a society may prove to be a contentious matter. Sometimes a society may be plurilingual, that is many speakers may use more than one language.
However we define a language. We should also note that our definition of language and society are not independent. And the definition of language includes in it a reference to society.
Any discussion of the relationship between language and society, or of the various function of language in society, should begin with some attempt to define each of these terms.
There are a few type of languages, among others :
1. Argot
An argot is a language primarily developed to disguise conversation, originally because of a criminal enterprise, though the term is also used loosely to refer to informal jargon.
2. Cant
Cant is somewhat synonymous with argot and jargonand refers to the vocabulary of an in-group that uses it to deceive or exclude nonusers.
3. Creole
A creole is a more sophisticated development of a pidgin, derived from two or more parent languages and used by people all ages as a native language.
4. Jargon
Jargon is a body of words and phrases that apply to a specific activity or profession, such as a particular art form or athletic or recreational endeavor, or a medical or scientific subject. Jargon is often necessary for precision when referring to procedures and materials integral to a certain pursuit.
However, in some fields, jargon is employed to an excessive and gratuitous degree, often to conceal the truth or deceive or exclude outsiders. Various types of jargon notorious for obstructing rather than facilitating communication are given names often appended with -ese or -speak, such as bureaucrateseor corporate-speak.
5. Colloquial Language
Anything not employed in formal writing or conversation, including terms that might fall under one or more of most of the other categories in this list, is a colloquialism. Colloquial and colloquialismmay be perceived to be pejorative terms, but they merely refer to informal terminology.
Colloquial language — whether words, idiomatic phrases, or aphorisms — is often regionally specific; for example, variations on the term “carbonated beverage” — including soda, pop, and coke —
6. Dialect
A dialect is a way of speaking based on geographical or social factors.
7. Lingo
This term vaguely refers to the speech of a particular community or group and is therefore loosely synonymous with many of the other words in this list.
8. Lingua Franca
A lingua franca is a language often adopted as a common tongue to enable communication between speakers of separate languages, though pidgins and creoles, both admixtures of two or more languages, are also considered lingua francas.
9. Pidgin
A simplified language arising from the efforts of people speaking different languages to communicate is a pidgin. These languages generally develop to facilitate trade between people without a common language. In time, pidgins often evolve into creoles.
10. Slang
A vocabulary of terms (at least initially) employed in a specific subculture is slang. Slang terms, either invented words or those whose meanings are adapted to new senses, develop out of a subculture’s desire to disguise — or exclude others from — their conversations. As US society becomes more youth oriented and more homogenous, slang becomes more widespread in usage, and subcultures continually invent new slang as older terms are appropriated by the mainstream population.
11. Patois
Patois refers loosely to a nonstandard language such as a creole, a dialect, or a pidgin, with a connotation of the speakers’ social inferiority to those who speak the standard language.
12. Vernacular
A vernacular is a native language or dialect, as opposed to another tongue also in use, such as Spanish, French, or Italian and their dialects as compared to their mother language, Latin. Alternatively, a vernacular is a dialect itself as compared to a standard language (though it should be remembered that a standard language is simply a dialect or combination of dialects that has come to predominate).
At the last, there are some questions from other grups, among others :
1. What the relationship between Data and Theory in methodological concern?
(The question from Shelvira Elsa Dwita)
Answer : The relationship is towards because any conclusion must be solidly based on evidence. And research must be motivated by questions that can be answered in an approved scientific way.
2. What the meaning of Code in knowledge of language?
(The question from Indri Christina)
Answer : Code is the way of communication . Code theory has roots in a particular model of literacy .code is the best understood as a variant of the more traditional ethno and socio.
3. How do you use language as well?
(The questions from Linda Wait)
Answer : The people can understand about the someone or speaker means and the grammar to use well is something that each speaker knows.
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