Cerpen : Sahabatkulah yang Tebaik

Ini tulisanku waktu kelas X tahun 2013,salah satu hobi saya membaca. Terkadang aku suka menulis cerpen dan puisi. hanya saja tulisan itu ntah diletakan dimana. aku suka menulis di sembarang buku. hasilnya ya.. hanya beberapa yang jadi dan ini salah satunya yang berjudul "Sahabatkulah yang terbaik". Happy reading, guys!!

Phonetics

       Phonetic is the science that addresses how a voice can be formed using some parts of the body, namely the lips, teeth, tongue, pharynx and lungs. Science is only to discuss the relationship of the parts of the body that produce sound. For the formation of a language, perception of sound production to be studied in the science on this one. In the study of phonetic knowledge, you will recognize three types of phonetic among articulatory phonetic namely the study course of sound is formed, auditory phonetic namely the study of a language accepted by the audience and acoustic phonetic.

      In the science on this one, you will learn about the manner of articulation and place of articulation. 

       Place of articulation is divided into six of the bilabial, labiodentals, dental, pabial, velar, glottal. Voiceless voiced pronunciation and also discussed in this science. is the science that addresses how a voice can be formed using some parts of the body, namely the lips, teeth, tongue, pharynx and lungs. Science is only to discuss the relationship of the parts of the body that produce sound. For the formation of a language, perception of sound production to be studied in the science on this one. In the study of phonetic knowledge, you will recognize three types of phonetic among articulatory phonetic namely the study course of sound is formed, auditory phonetic namely the study of a language accepted by the audience and acoustic phonetic.

    

My book "An introduction to Linguistics"

      I have a book which entitled "An introduction of Linguistics". The outhor of this book is Loreto Todd.

     Loreto Todd is Professor of English at the University of Ulster, Coleraine. Born in Northern Ireland, she attended Queen's University, Belfast where her classmates included poet Seamus Heaney and writer Seamus Deane. She worked in England for many years, and was director of the programme of World English Research at the University of Leeds, England. She has written 30 books, over 80 articles and chapters in books; over 100 reviews, short papers and has edited several journals.

     On the content of this book which entitled "An Introductions of Linguistics" has 9 chapter, the each of the chapters are going to explain

about : 

1. What is Linguistics?

2. Phonology

3. The sounds of English

4. Morphology

5. Lexicology

6. Syntax

7. Semantics

8. Linguistics

9. Branches of Linguistics

     I think, this is a good book to undergraduate students like my self.  A clear, straightforward guide to the rudiments of linguistics, aimed at undergraduate students or anyone who wants to learn about the introduction of linguistics. Cause, in the content of this book explains to us about the technical features, and leads to a full understanding, providing the sound base needed for exploring other branches of the field. 

Introduction to Linguistics

Language experts generally define linguistics as ``the scientific study of language``. (Lyons, 2002:1). I have read a few blogs and book as my references. from the reference that I have read,

Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories of study, such as: language in context, language meaning, and language form.

Language in context includes: language acquisition, neurolinguistics, psycholingustics, sociolinguistics, historical linguistics, and evolutionary linguistics.

The study of language meaning is concerned with how languages employ logical structure and real-world references to convey, process and assign meaning, as well as to manage and resolve ambiguity. 

The study of language structure or form, focuses on the system of rules followed by the speakers (or hearers) of a language. It consists of morphology, phonology, phonetics, and syntax.

Linguistics is also a branch of cognitive science. Cognitive science is a term for a group of disciplines that have the same goal: defining and analyzing human being`s ability to think . The discipline of linguistics, in connecting with psychology, philosophy, and computer science thus forms an important subdiscipline in cognitive science

The part of linguistics that is concerned with the structure of language is divided into a number of branches:

1. General linguistics generally describes the concepts and categories of a particular language or among all language. It also provides analyzed theory of the language.
2. Pure Linguistics is narrower view. It is concerned internal view of language itself (structure of language systems) without related to other sciences. Some fields of pure linguistic:

a) Phonetics, is  the science that addresses how a voice can be formed using some parts of the body.
b) Phonology, is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.
c) Morphology, is the study of the forms of words, and the ways in which words are related to other words of the same language
d) Lexicology is the part of linguistics which studies words.
e) Syntax ,is  the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences or is  the grammar, structure, or order of the elements in a language statement.
f) Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences

3. Applied linguistic is the most concerned with application of the concepts in everyday life, including language-teaching. It is the broadest view of language. It is concerned external view of language itself with related to other sciences and how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic:

a) Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise) in communicative acts
b) Discourse analysis, the analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written, or signed). It is sometimes defined as the analysis of language 'beyond the sentence'.
c) Stylistics, is the study and interpretation of texts in regard to their linguistic and tonal style.
d) Developmental linguistics, is the study of the development of linguistic ability in an individual, particularly the acquisition of language in childhood.
e) Historical linguistics or Diachronic linguistics, the study of language change or  is the scientific study of language change over time.
f)  Language geography, the study of the spatial patterns of languages.
g) Evolutionary linguistics,  is the  study of the psychosocial development and cultural evolution of individual languages as well as the original and development of human language itself
h) Psycholinguistics, is a branch of cognitive science. It is the study of the cognitive processes and representations underlying language use.
i)   Sociolinguistics, the study of social patterns and norms of linguistic variability.
j)   Clinical linguistics, the application of linguistic theory to the area of Speech-Language Pathology.
k)   Neurolinguistics, the study of the brain networks that underlie grammar and communication.
l)   Biolinguistics, the study of natural as well as human-taught communication systems in animals compared to human language.
m)  Computational linguistics, the study of computational implementations of linguistic structures.

     So, Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Linguistics have a lot of branches, among others Generally Linguistics, Pure Linguistics, and Appied linguistic. beside it, Linguistics is also a branch of cognitive science which is a term for a group of science disciplines to defining and analyzing human ability to think. Linguistics also devided into three categories of study: language in context, language meaning, and language form.

What is the Languages?

      Language is a human system of communication that ussualy uses voice sounds, gestures, and/or written symbols. The scientific study of language is called linguistics.. But Linguists is the specialists in the study of the language. There are so many definition about the language.  Here a few of those definitions which according to expert.

     "Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols." (Edward Sapir, Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1921)

     "A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates." (B. Bloch and G. Trager, Outline of Linguistic Analysis. Waverly Press, 1942)

     "From now on I will consider a language to be a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements." (Noam Chomsky, Syntactic Structures, 1957)

     "Language is behaviour which utilizes body parts: the vocal apparatus and the auditory system for oral language; the brachial apparatus and the visual system for sign language. . . . Such body parts are controlled by none other than the brain for their functions." (Fred C.C. Peng, Language in the Brain: Critical Assessments. Continuum, 2005)

     "A language consists of symbols that convey meaning, plus rules for combining those symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages." (Wayne Weiten, Psychology: Themes And Variations, 7th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2007)

     "We can define language as a system of communication using sounds or symbols that enables us to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences."

(E. Bruce Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 2nd ed. Thomson, 2008)

    So, Language is a human communication tool. Although there are various languages in the world. It also uses sound and symbol which has a meaning. The language is not only in form of a sound/voice, but can be in form of body language, gestures, and etc. Without language, the human in the world couldn't communicate with the others. Therefore, there are the scientific study of language which called linguistics and the specialists in the study of the language is called Linguists.

My Biography

    Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb..

     Hallo, My name is Nurul Fathia Salma, I usually called Thia. My name has a meaning "Cahaya Pertama Keselamatan". For me, it was a beautiful name whom given my parents. My last name used my Father's name. My father's name is Salman and My mother is Yenni Marnini. I was born in Jakarta, December 7^th 1996. Now, I'm 19^th years old.

     I'm the first child of three siblings. My sister is Shafira Salma who now sits on the second grade of Senior High School,  and My little brother is Ibnu Salam Alpadani who now sits on kindergarten.

    I ever school in Darunnaim kindergarten in Jakarta, and Elementary school in SDN Semanan Percontohan 08 Jakarta Barat. Then I continue junior high school in SMPN 45 RSBI Cengkareng, Jakarta Barat who is one of the favorite schools in Jakarta and I also continue senior high school in one of the favorite school SMAN 33 Cengkareng Jakarta Barat but I must moved when I rise to the third class. I moved to Pekanbaru, and I school in SMA 3 Pekanbaru for 1 years.

     I got a lot of achievements during school. In the kindergarten I got appreciation as a winner None Jakarta and other race. In elementary school, I followed a lot of race, included : Singing, story telling versus seniors when I was fourth class, Math Olympiad, painting competition, and also I always got first or second ranking in the class. I got the second best final grades in Elementary school. In the Junior High School, I’ve followed the race of craft art and got the third champion in the province and also I’ve followed the reporter competition. and I got a perfect math score in national exams. When I was Senior high school, I was in social class and I’ve followed a painting competition who organized by the police in Pekanbaru.

    Actually, I had got nursery school in Padang after graduated high school. But, I don’t take it because I’m afraid of blood. So, I choose English Department, Faculty Teachers Training and Education at University of Lancang Kuning.

    Although  I don’t skillful in English Language. I’ll continue strive to be better. And Alhamdulillah in the first semester, I got a good score, 3.9 as my IP in the first semester. I know, this is just the beginning. I will try to maintain my score.

    My daily activity are go to campus. Before that, I must take care of my little brother, bathe him, and take him to school. That’s why sometimes I came late to the campus. After college, I went to my parent’s shop to help my father and mother until midnight. If I have duties, I don’t go to shop, I just helped them when they want to close it. Sometimes I went to play with my friends to relieve boredom.

     Ok, that’s my story. Thanks for reading my Biography..

Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb..